1. Franz Oppenheimer, "A Post Mortem on Cambridge Economics (Part II)," The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2:4 (1943) 533.

2. Franz Oppenheimer, The State, trans. By John Gitterman (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes, 1997) li-lii.

3. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Capital vol. 1, vol. 35 of Marx and Engels Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1996) 704-5.

4. Oppenheimer, The State 5-6.

5. Ludwig von Mises, Human Action (Chicago: Regnery, 1949, 1963, 1966) 619-20.

7. Art Carden, "Sweatshops," Mises Economics Blog, May 6, 2004. http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/001956.asp#more Captured May 6, 2004.

8. Oppenheimer, The State 6.

9. Ibid. 7-8.

10. Ibid. 8.

11. Ibid. 8.

12. The term "primitive accumulation" (or "original accumulation"), was originally used by the classical economists in reference to the process by which, in the mists of time, capital had been originally accumulated by an owning class distinct from laborers (Adam Smith’s "accumulation of stock"); it was assumed to have been the result of success in the marketplace. Marx used the term ironically, standing it on its head. The term, succinctly, referred to "an accumulation not the result of the capitalist mode of production, but its starting point." Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 704.

13. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 705-6.

14. Ibid. 179-80.

15. Ibid. 706.

16. Ibid. 709.

17. J. L. and Barbara Hammond, The Village Labourer (1760-1832) (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1913) 27-8, 35-6.

18. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 711.

19. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc., 1926) 120.

20. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor (New York: Vintage Books, 1971, 1993) 3-42.

21. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd, 1963) 224-5, 224-5n.

22. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Part I (New York: Academic Press, 1974) 251n.

23. Christopher Hill, The Century of Revolution: 1603-1714 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1961) 147.

24. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 172.

25. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 713.

26. Christopher Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution, 1603-1714. Vol. 2 of Pelican History of Great Britain (London: Penguin Books, 1967) 116.

27. Henry George, Progress and Poverty (New York: Walter J. Black, 1942) 320.

28. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 714.

29. Michael Perelman, Classical Political Economy: Primitive Accumulation and the Social Division of Labour (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld; London: F. Pinter, 1984, c 1983) 48-9.

30. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 226; Considerations Concerning Common Fields and Enclosures (1653), in Ibid. 226.

31. The Hammonds, Village Labourer 42.

32. E. J. Hobsbawm and George Rudé, Captain Swing (New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 1968) 27.

33. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 227.

34. "Development as Enclosure: The Establishment of the Global Economy," The Ecologist (July/August 1992) 133.

35. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 715.

36. Qt. In Ibid. 610.

37. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 275.

38. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 231.

39. Perelman, Classical Political Economy 38.

40. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage, 1963, 1966) 219-20, 358.

41. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 716.

42. Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, vol. 3 of Marx and Engels Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1998) 205.

43. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 222.

44. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 222.

45. Trevor Ashton, An Economic History of England: the 18^th Century (London: University Paperbacks, 1972) 115, qt. in Perelman, Classical Political Economy 38.

46. Kirkpatrick Sale, Human Scale (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980) 162.

47. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 717-8.

48. Albert Jay Nock, Our Enemy, the State (Delavan, Wisc.: Hallberg Publishing Corp., 1983) 106n.

49. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 121.

50. Perelman, Classical Political Economy 41-2.

51. Ibid. 42.

52. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 752.

53. Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Chicago, London, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 1952).

54. E. G. Wakefield, A View of the Art of Colonization. Reprints of Economic Classics (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969 (1849)) 166.

55. E. G. Wakefield, England and America II:5, qt. in Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 755.

56. Wakefield, England and America I:131, qt. in ibid. 756-7.

57. Herman Merivale, Lectures on Colonisation and Colonies, qt. in Ibid. 757.

58. Wakefield, View of the Art of Colonization 332-3.

59. Gary B. Nash, Class and Society in Early America (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970) 23, 33, 46.

60. Nock, Our Enemy, the State 67.

61. Ibid. 67n.

62. Ibid. 69.

63. Ibid. 71.

64. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 222.

65. Ibid. 23-4.

66. Six Centuries of Work and Wages, qt. in Ibid. 233.

67. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 723-6.

68. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 141-2.

69. Smith, Wealth of Nations 59-61.

70. Ibid. 60.

71. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 273; all material in quotes is from Ferrand’s Speech in the House of Commons, April 27, 1863.

72. Qt. in ibid 746.

73. J. L. and Barbara Hammond, The Town Labourer (1760-1832) (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1917) 1:44, 147.

74. Michael A. Hoffman II, They Were White and They Were Slaves: The Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America. 4^th ed. (Dresden, N.Y.: Wiswell Ruffin House, 1992) 16.

75. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class 223-4.

76. Smith, Wealth of Nations 61; Hammonds, Town Labourer 1:74.

77. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class 199-202.

78. The Hammonds, Town Labourer 123-7.

79. Smith, Wealth of Nations 61.

80. See Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, on how these purposes were served by 20^th century welfare and labor legislation.

81. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 247.

82. Ibid. 276n.

83. Ibid. 729.

84. Ibid. 729-30.

85. Hilaire Belloc, The Servile State (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1913, 1977).

86. Smith, Wealth of Nations 61.

87. Hammonds, Town Labourer 1:33-4.

88. Steven A. Marglin, "What Do Bosses Do? The Origins and Functions of Hierarchy in Capitalist Production--Part I" Review of Radical Political Economics (Summer 1974) .

89. Ibid.

90. Ibid.

91. Andrew Ure, Philosophy of Manufactures, in Thompson, Making of the English Working Class 360.

92. David Noble, America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977) xi-xii.

93. Hammonds, Town Labourer 72.

94. Ibid. 80.

95. Ibid. 91-2.

96. "Planting the Liberty Tree," Chapter Five of Thompson, Making of the English Working Class.

97. Ibid. 197-8.

98. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 741.

99. Cecil Rhodes, qt. In "Development as Enclosure" 134.

100. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 129.

101. Ibid. 127.

102. Ibid. 128.

103. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 202.

104. Ibid. 203-4.

105. Ibid. 210.

106. Ibid. 206.

107. Wakefield, A View of the Art of Colonization 324-6.

108. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 185.

109. James G. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1962) 176.

110. Hoffman, They Were White and They Were Slaves 55, 77.

111. Thomas Wertenbaker, The First Americans: 1607-1690 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971) 24-5.

112. A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775 (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Paperbacks, 1987) 134-40.

113. Ibid. 1.

114. Ibid. 27.

115. Ibid. 55, 58.

116. Richard Hofstadter, America at 1750: A Social Portrait (New York: Vintage Books, 1973) 34-5.

117. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 143.

118. Hoffman, They Were White and They Were Slaves 72-3.

119. Ibid. 80.

120. Ibid. 85-6.

121. Ibid. 85-90.

122. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 205.

123. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 191.

124. Ibid. 191.

125. Noam Chomsky, World Orders Old and New (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) 115.

126. Noam Chomsky, Keeping the Rabble in Line (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994) 87.

127. David Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 1995; San Francisco, Calif.: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 1995) 252.

128. "Development as Enclosure" 134.

129. Ibid. 138-9.

130. Ibid. 135-7.

131. Immanuel Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism (London, New York: Verso, 1983) 41-2.

133. Ibid. Sec. V.

134. Ibid. Sec. IV.

135. See Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (New York: Penguin, 1977); also Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909) 297-8.

136. G. K. Chesterton, A Short History of England (New York: John Lane Company, 1917) 163-4.

137. Kropotkin, The State Sec. VII.

138. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Part II (New York: Academic Press, 1980) 31.

139. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 235-6.

140. Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism 105-6.

141. Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Part I 62, 286.

142. Ibid. 245-6, 256; Perez Zagorin, "The Second Interpretation of the English Revolution," Journal of Economic History (September 3, 1959) qt. in ibid. 256.

143. Hill, Reformation to the Industrial Revolution 50.

144. Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, Part I 283.

145. Ibid. 290.

146. Arno Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime

147. Mises, Human Action 622.

148. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 22, 277-8.

149. Mises, Human Action 620.

150. Michael Harrington, The Twilight of Capitalism (Simon and Schuster, 1976)

151. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid 215-22, 226-7, 230

152. See, for example, John S. Pettingill, "Firearms and the Distribution of Income: A Neoclassical Model," Review of Radical Political Economics (Summer 1981) 1-10.

153. Kropotkin, The State Sec. VI.

154. Ibid. Sec. VIII.

155. Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism 88-124.

156. Kropotkin, The State Sec. VII.

157. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 263.

158. In fairness, Michael Harrington argued that that work was a deliberate simplification and did not do justice to the complexity of Marx’s thought as a whole. Twilight of Capitalism 37-41.

159. Six Lectures at Manchester, qt. in Karl Marx, Grundrisse, vol. 29 of Marx and Engels Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1987) 99.

160. Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, vol. 6 of Marx and Engels Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1976) 132.

161. Ibid. 159.

162. Friedrich Engels, Anti-Dühring, vol. 25 of Marx and Engels Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1987) 168.

163. Marx, Grundrisse 435.

164. Marx and Engels, Capital vol. 1 749.

165. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid 297.